![]() This applies, for example, with regard to the provision of food, clothing, medical assistance, evacuation and transportation. IHL further requires that expectant mothers and mothers of young children, in particular nursing mothers, be treated with particular care. Women prisoners must be housed separately from men in particular to avoid sexual abuse. The threat of sexual violence against women is also prohibited. This includes rape, forced prostitution and any other form of indecent assault, all of which constitute war crimes. In addition, women must be “especially protected” from sexual violence. In recent conflicts there have been abuses, particularly the use of women and children to shield combatants from attack. ![]() The general provisions of IHL also forbid hostage taking and the use of human shields. This general protection is provided by the four Geneva Convention (1949) and their Additional Protocols (1977), as well by customary humanitarian law. In general, IHL requires humane treatment for the wounded and sick, prisoners and civilians caught up in a conflict, without any “adverse distinction” based on sex, race, nationality, religion, political opinions, or any similar criteria. Humanitarian law recognizes this in the general protection it affords to both women and men, as well as in some specific provisions providing additional protection to women. In today’s conflicts, the impact of fighting on women can be severe.
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